In this blog I will post entries about Croatian verbs, focusing on imperfect-perfect pairs, case use etc. This is a reference supplement to my Basic Croatian.
My plan is to eventually list some 3000 most common verbs, given as roughly 1500 imperfective-perfective pairs (with some verbs unpaired). All verbs will be listed with cases, prepositions and other things that surround them.
This is quite a task, so I'll do it incrementally. First I'll give some 500 "most common" verbs.
Verb Pairs
Each entry is given as:
impf. verb ~ perf. verb
For every verb, only forms that cannot be guessed from standard rules are given (the 3rd person sg. present is given only when needed, in examples like pečem - peku):
1st pers. sg. pres. (3rd pers. sg. pres.), past m, past f, infinitive
If a perf. verb is marked with an (s) it means that it denotes start of action, like be ill ~ become ill. Some verbs don't have counterparts; some have more than one.
Use With Cases and Prepositions
Below each verb, its use is shown (what cases and prepositions can be used). For instance, if it's written:
N (A) (D)
It means that an "argument" (a noun or a noun phrase) in nominative should be used (but it can be left out if it's a pronoun!), as well as arguments in accusative and dative, but they are optional. Another example:
Ø
Nouns in nominative cannot be used, it's used impersonally (3rd pers. sg. n). Every verb uses either N or Ø. The summary of symbols:
D noun or noun phrase in dative L locative argument (noun or noun phrase), same as dative N noun or noun phrase in nominative G noun or noun phrase in genitive I noun or noun phrase in instrumental N-pl argument in nominative (noun or noun phrase), but must be plural ¹ ² marks two separate phrases having same form (e.g. accusative) ( ) optional INF infinitive ADJ-N adjective in nominative ADJ-I adjective in instrumental ADV adverb GER-A gerund in accusative Ø nominative subject cannot be used, verb must be in 3rd pers. sg. n se se must be used (not sebe!) ... subclause (od G) phrase od + gen. can be added, having a special meaning # static location (e.g. u sobi) ›› motion reference (e.g. u sobu, iz sobe)
If there are two arguments having same form, they are either distinguished by prepositions before them, and otherwise their relative order in the sentence is important.
Most verbs allow addition of a static location reference (jedem "I'm eating" — jedem u sobi "I'm eating in (the) room"), but some verbs don't allow it, but only a motion reference: vraćam se u sobu "I'm returning to the room". Meaning of static and motion references doesn't depend on the verb, the verb only allows them or not. A static location reference can be almost always used. A time reference (e.g. jučer "yesterday") can be always added.
Below the list of uses, there's optional list, containing:
∆ related noun(s) * note on use of verb or particular use → see other verb(s)
Stress
Eventually, all entries will include stress marks. Each form will be given with its Standard accentuation (stress) and a simplified one (used in Zagreb speech, and by myself). I'm using modified marks, as follows:
- a = a short vowel
- ā = a long vowel
- à = a short vowel with the rising stress
- á = a long vowel with the rising stress
- a = a vowel stressed in the Zagreb system
If no marks are given, the first vowel is accented (with the falling stress in the Standard system). All marks above letters refer to the Standard system, and ones below them, to the Zagreb system.
For instance, given pògledām, pògledao, in the Standard accentuation, one should pronounce all vowels short except ā in the first word, and both o's should have the rising stress. In the Zagreb system, all vowels are pronounced short, and both e's are stressed. Other forms (past part. f, infinitive) have the same stress as the last form listed (past part. m).
The stress entries are marked with a white square (□).
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